Formula Used:

The electrostatic force between two charges is given by Coulomb’s Law:

F = k * (q₁ * q₂) / r²

• F = Electrostatic Force (N, Newtons)
• k = Coulomb’s Constant (8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C²)
• q₁ = Charge of the first object (Coulombs)
• q₂ = Charge of the second object (Coulombs)
• r = Distance between charges (meters)

The force is attractive if charges are opposite and repulsive if they are the same.